Intellectual disability is a complex condition with a variety of underlying causes. These factors can be broadly categorized as follows:
Prenatal Factors
- Genetic conditions: Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and other chromosomal abnormalities.
- Infections: Rubella, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus.
- Teratogens: Exposure to alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder), drugs, or other harmful substances during pregnancy.
- Maternal health conditions: Diabetes, thyroid disorders.
Perinatal Factors
- Prematurity: Born before 37 weeks of gestation.
- Birth trauma: Complications during delivery, such as oxygen deprivation.
- Low birth weight: Weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth.
Postnatal Factors
- Infections: Meningitis, encephalitis.
- Traumatic brain injury: Accidents, falls, or physical abuse.
- Environmental factors: Lead poisoning, malnutrition, severe neglect.
- Unknown causes: In many cases, the exact cause of intellectual disability remains unidentified.
It’s important to note that the severity of intellectual disability can vary widely, and multiple factors often contribute to its development. Early identification and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with intellectual disability.
